Queimar ou não queimar? A história da construção de um novo paradigma de manejo do fogo na Venezuela por meio da interculturalidade
ações locais de impacto nacional e regional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v11i2.1878Palavras-chave:
Conhecimento indígena sobre fogo, integração de conhecimento científico, indígena e técnico, manejo integrado do fogo, Parque Nacional Canaima, Amazônia NorteResumo
A existência do mosaico de vegetação savana-floresta na Gran Sabana, Parque Nacional Canaima (PNC), representou mais do que uma polêmica na academia da Venezuela, no período de 1980-2010. Pesquisadores, administradores do Parque e funcionários de outras instituições encarregadas de proteger a bacia do rio Caroní, dentro do Parque, argumentaram que a presença de savanas em regime de chuva tropical típico de florestas úmidas era uma decorrência das práticas de uso do fogo utilizadas pelas comunidades indígenas Pemón. Essa falsa premissa justificou a aplicação de políticas de supressão, destinadas a apagar todo tipo de fogo no PNC, especialmente as "queimadas compulsivas" (assim chamadas por alguns pesquisadores) em áreas florestais, realizadas pelo povo Pemón. Este artigo descreve as iniciativas realizadas ao longo de mais de 20 anos para consolidar o manejo intercultural e participativo do fogo no PNC que evoluíram a partir de diversos projetos de pesquisa-ação participativa coordenados por acadêmicos e apoiados por instituições públicas nacionais e regionais. A inclusão de comunidades indígenas Pemón, bombeiros e funcionários públicos durante a execução de experimentos de campo, bem como em debates e diálogos sobre questões socioecológicas, permitiu o desenvolvimento de conhecimentos e ações articuladas que foram, posteriormente, os alicerces de um novo paradigma do manejo do fogo e de estratégias de mitigação e adaptação à s mudanças climáticas no PNC. Desde 2015, essas ações foram estendidas aos países vizinhos do Escudo das Guianas, ao norte da Amazônia, e a outras regiões da América Latina, com o apoio de instituições venezuelanas, britânicas e outras instituições europeias.
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