The Conservation of the Spix's Macaw, Cyanopsitta spixii (Wagler, 1832)

challenges and achievements

Authors

  • Camile Lugarini Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres , Brasil
  • Ugo Eichler Vercillo Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade/ICMBio, Brasil
  • Cromwell Purchase Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots
  • Ryan Watson Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots.
  • Natasha Schischakin Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v11i3.1746

Keywords:

Threatened; extinct in the wild, ex situ, population management, national action plan

Abstract

The Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii) is the only representative of its genus and is currently considered probably extinct in the wild. Ex situ management is the priority of the conservation strategy since 90's. Finally, the captive population of Spix's Macaws reached 152 individuals, making possible to plan reintroduction actions. Moreover, two protected areas were created to recover the species in the natural environment, and, in 2020, 52 Spix's Macaws were repatriated for the Reproduction and Reintroduction Center inside the Spix's Macaw Wildlife Refuge. Approximately 20 macaws are in preparation for the reintroduction and restoration of the population in their historical range. We are close to returning this species to its natural environment, where they should have never been removed. 

 

References

Ballou JD, Gilpin M & Foose TJ. 1995. Population Management for Survival and Recovery. Columbia University Press. 375p.

Ballou JD, Lacy RC & Pollak JP. PMx: software for demographic and genetic analysis and management of pedigreed populations (version 1.0). Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3(2): 433-437, 2011.

Barros YM, Soye Y, Miyaki CY, Watson R, Crosta RL & Lugarini C. 2012. Plano de ação nacional para a conservação da ararinha-azul: Cyanopsitta spixii. Brasília: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. 145p.

Berkunsky I et al. Current threats faced by Neotropical parrot populations. Biological Conservation 214:278 287, 2017.

Billerman SM, Keeney BK, Rodewald PG & Schulenberg TS (eds). 2020. Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Acesso em: 07/08/2020.

BirdLife International. 2019a. Anodorhynchus leari. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. Acesso em: 03/08/2020.

BirdLife International. 2019b. Cyanopsitta spixii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. Acesso em: 31/07/2020.

Brasil. 2018. Decreto n° 9.406, de 5 de junho de 2018. Cria o Refúgio de Vida Silvestre da Ararinha Azul e a Área de Proteção Ambiental da Ararinha Azul. Diário Oficial da União de: 06/06/2018 Acesso em: 04/08/2020.

Hammer S & Watson R. The challenge of managing Spix Macaws (Cyanopsitta spixii) at Qatar - an eleven year retrospection. Der Zoologische Garten 81: 81-95, 2012.

IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis). Em caráter extremamente excepcional, não confiscar exemplares de ararinha azul que estejam submetidas ao Plano de Manejo estabelecido pelo Comitê C. Spixii. Diário Oficial da União de: 30/10/1990 . Acesso em: 07/08/2020.

ICMBio (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade). 2012a. Portaria nº 17, de 17 de fevereiro de 2012, que aprova o Plano de Ação Nacional para a Conservação da Ararinha-azul (Cyanopsitta spixii) - PAN Ararinha-azul. Diário Oficial da União de: 22/02/2012, retificada no D.O.U. de: 27/02/2012.

Pollock LJ, Thuiller Wb & Jetz W. Large conservation gains possible for global biodiversity facets. Nature 546(7656): 141-144, 2017.

Purchase C. 2019. International Studbook Annual Report 2018 and Recommendations for 2019 Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii). 38p.

Roth P. Bericht fiber ein 1985-1988 durchgefuhrtes Projekt. Papageien 90(3): 86-88, 1990a.

Roth P. Bericht fiber ein 1985-1988 durchgefuhrtes Projekt. Papageien 90(4): 121-125, 1990b.

Safford RJ & Jones CG. Strategies for Land-Bird Conservation on Mauritius. Conservation Biology 12: 169-176, 1998.

Schischakin N. 1999. The Spix´s macaw conservation program: a non-extinction history. The AFA Watchbird nov/dec: 46-55.

Vergara-Tabares DL, Cordier JM, Landi MA, Olah G & Nori J. Global trends of habitat destruction and consequences for parrot conservation. Global Change Biology 26: 4251-4262, 2020.

Watson R. 2011. International Studbook Annual Report and Recommendations for 2011 Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii). 48p.

Watson R, Deb A & Hammer S. 2007. Managing the World's Largest Population of Spix's Macaws (Cyanopsitta spixii). AFA Annual Convenction 2007 Proceedings . Acesso em: 31/07/2020.

White Jr. TH, Collazo JA & Vilella FJ. Survival of captive- reared Puerto Rican parrots released in the Caribbean National Forest. The Condor 107: 424-432, 2005

Downloads

Published

2021-11-03

Issue

Vol. 11 No. 3 (2021): Fluxo Contínuo

Section

Fluxo contínuo

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Biodiversidade Brasileira - BioBrasil

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Os artigos estão licenciados sob uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). O acesso é livre e gratuito para download e leitura, ou seja, é permitido copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer mídia ou formato.