Riesgo y resiliencia: una revisión de los rasgos funcionales que influyen en la vulnerabilidad al fuego en mamíferos del Pantanal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v14i4.2565Palabras clave:
Ecología del fuego, Manejo de incendios, Vulnerabilidad al fuego, Fauna, Atributos funcionales, Incendios forestales, PantanalResumen
En 2020, el Pantanal brasileño experimentó incendios forestales sin precedentes que quemaron aproximadamente 40.000 km² y provocaron la muerte de por lo menos 17 millones de vertebrados. Este evento catastrófico, caracterizado por un comportamiento extremo del fuego facilitado por una combinación de materia orgánica acumulada en áreas inundadas de larga duración, comunidades de macrófitos, alfombras flotantes, pastizales abiertos y una sequía prolongada, ha destacado tanto la severa vulnerabilidad del ecosistema del Pantanal a los incendios forestales sazonales, como la necesidad de una comprensión integral de sus efectos potenciales sobre las especies y la dinámica del ecosistema. Este estudio explora la vulnerabilidad de los mamíferos a los incendios forestales en el Pantanal, centrándose en el análisis de los rasgos de vulnerabilidad al fuego y la distribución espacial de las especies. Revisamos un total de 2.868 estudios publicados desde 1938, que abarcan cinco órdenes de mamíferos: Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Didelphimorphia, Rodentia y Perissodactyla. El análisis reveló un aumento significativo en la investigación sobre los rasgos de vulnerabilidad al fuego, particularmente en carnívoros, desde el año 2000. Los rasgos más estudiados incluyen la preferencia de hábitat, el tamaño corporal y la dieta, mientras que otros rasgos críticos para comprender la sensibilidad al fuego recibieron menos atención. Nuestros descubrimientos destacan una sazonalidad acentuada en los regímenes de incendios y la especialización del hábitat entre las especies de mamíferos del Pantanal, con una superposición preocupante entre los incendios forestales de 2019-2020 y la distribución de varias especies, lo que sugiere posibles disminuciones severas en la abundancia y distribución. Los descubrimientos abogan por esfuerzos de conservación inmediatos dirigidos a hábitats clave y enfoques refinados de manejo de incendios forestales para mitigar los impactos, particularmente en especies geográficamente restringidas. También requiere un enfoque de investigación más equilibrado en diferentes taxones y rasgos para comprender completamente los roles menos estudiados frente al aumento de la frecuencia e intensidad de los incendios en el bioma del Pantanal.
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